Wanneer mag je spreken over elektrisch rijden?
Voor de duidelijkheid: Hybride is niet elektrisch
Geregeld verschijnen er berichten in de Nederlandse media waarin gesproken wordt over elektrisch rijden. Helaas worden begrippen als elektrisch en hybride rijden vaak met elkaar verward. Want wanneer mag je nu écht spreken over elektrisch rijden? Tijd voor wat heldere uitleg en een checklist.
De Hybride
Hybride auto’s worden vaak ten onrechte beschouwd als ‘elektrische auto’. Dat is dus niet het geval. Een hybride auto is een auto met een verbrandings- én een elektromotor. Hij kan zowel elektrisch (zeer beperkte afstand) als via de verbrandingsmotor worden aangedreven. Bij een hybride ondersteunt de elektromotor de verbrandingsmotor. Een hybride kan zowel een benzine- als dieselmotor hebben.
Checklist…
Verbrandingsmotor: ja
Elektromotor: ja
Brandstofcel: nee
Volledig elektrisch: nee
Tijdelijk elektrisch rijden: ja, maar slechts 1 tot 2 kilometer
Opladen met stekker: nee
Tanken: ja
De Plug-in Hybride
Een plug-in hybride mag je absoluut niet onder het begrip ‘hybride’ scharen. Je moet tussen een hybride en plug-in hybride duidelijk verschil maken. Het grootste verschil is dat een plug-in hybride de bijkomstige mogelijkheid heeft om het accupakket van buitenaf te laden. PHEV’s – zoals ze ook wel worden genoemd – hebben bovendien een groter accupakket dan hybrides, waardoor plug-in hybrides langere afstanden volledig elektrisch kunnen rijden. Indien het accupakket niet met de stekker wordt opgeladen, rijdt de auto – afhankelijk van het type motor – op benzine of diesel.
Checklist…
Verbrandingsmotor: ja
Elektromotor: ja
Brandstofcel: nee
Volledig elektrisch: nee
Tijdelijk elektrisch rijden: ja
Opladen met stekker: ja
Tanken: ja
De Batterij-elektrische auto
Pas nu kunnen we écht spreken over volledig elektrisch rijden. Een batterij-elektrische auto (BEV) heeft geen verbrandingsmotor, maar slechts een elektromotor (kunnen er ook meer zijn) en een fors accupakket. Opladen gebeurt met een stekker. In de toekomst wordt opladen ook mogelijk via inductie (draadloos).
Checklist…
Verbrandingsmotor: nee
Elektromotor: ja
Brandstofcel: nee
Volledig elektrisch: ja
Opladen met stekker: ja
Tanken: nee
De Waterstof-elektrische auto
Oh, jazeker! Ook een auto met een brandstofcel of waterstofinstallatie rijdt elektrisch. Bij een waterstofauto haalt de elektromotor (kunnen er ook meer zijn) zijn energie niet uit een accupakket, maar uit de brandstofcel. In de auto genereert de brandstofcel elektriciteit uit waterstof (de energiedrager) en zuurstof door middel van elektrolyse. Tijdens dat proces komt er elektrische energie vrij. Die energie gebruikt de elektromotor. Het restproduct is gedemineraliseerd water. Niet heel gezond om te drinken dus, maar niet schadelijk voor het milieu, want na verdamping krijgt dit water weer mineralen.
Checklist…
Verbrandingsmotor: nee
Elektromotor: ja
Brandstofcel: ja
Volledig elektrisch: ja
Opladen met stekker: nee
Tanken: ja (waterstof)
Vanwaar de verwarring?
Het woord hybride is in de nationale pers, officiële overheidspublicaties en de volksmond uitgegroeid tot een verzamelnaam van hybride en plug-in hybride modellen. Technisch gezien is dat onjuist. Een hybride heeft nooit een stekker. Een plug-in hybride wel. In de pers duiken geregeld verhalen op dat de ‘hybride aan populariteit inlevert’. Hiermee wordt gedoeld op plug-in hybrides, dus mét stekker. Hybrides – dus zonder stekker – zijn juist wel in opkomst. Een PHEV geen hybride noemen, is foutief.
Voorbeelden van Hybride modellen
- Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid
- Kia Niro Hybrid
- Lexus CT 200h
- Lexus ES 300h
- Lexus IS 300h
- Lexus LC 500h
- Lexus NX 300h
- Lexus RC 300h
- Lexus RX 450h
- Toyota Auris Hybrid
- Toyota C-HR Hybrid
- Toyota Corolla Hybrid
- Toyota Prius Hybrid
- Toyota Prius+ Hybrid
- Toyota RAV4 Hybrid
- Toyota Yaris Hybrid
Voorbeelden van Plug-in hybride modellen
- BMW 225xe iPerformance Active Tourer
- BMW 330e
- BMW 530e iPerformance
- BMW 740e
- BMW X5 xDrive40e
- BMW i8 (coupé of roadster)
- Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in Hybrid
- Kia Niro Plug-in Hybrid
- Kia Optima Plug-in Hybrid
- Kia Optima Sportswagon Plug-in Hybrid
- Mini Countryman Cooper S E ALL4
- Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV
- Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid
- Porsche Panamera 4 E-Hybrid
- Porsche Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid
- Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid
- Volkswagen Golf GTE
- Volkswagen Passat GTE
- Volkswagen Passat GTE Variant
- Volvo S90 T8 Twin-Engine
- Volvo V60 T8 Twin Engine
- Volvo V90 T8 Twin-Engine
- Volvo XC60 T8 Twin-Engine
- Volvo XC90 T8 Twin-Engine
Voorbeelden van Batterij-elektrische modellen
- Audi e-tron
- BMW i3
- Citroën C-Zero
- DS3 Crossback E-Tense
- Hyundai Ioniq Electric
- Hyundai Kona Electric 64 kWh
- Jaguar I-Pace
- Kia e-Niro 64 kWh
- Kia Soul EV
- Mercedes EQC 400 4Matic
- Nissan e-NV200 Evalia
- Opel Ampera-e
- Peugeot iOn
- Renault Zoe
- Smart EQ Forfour
- Smart EQ Fortwo
- Tesla Model 3
- Tesla Model S
- Tesla Model X
- Volkswagen e-Golf
- Volkswagen e-Up
In 2019 komen er nog diverse nieuwe volledig elektrische modellen bij. Weten welke? We zetten ze hier op een rij.
Voorbeelden van waterstofmodellen
- Toyota Mirai
- Hyundai Nexo
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Zet de Nissan Leaf ook maar bij het rijtje voorbeelden. Niet onbelangrijk gezien de historie, lijkt me.
Tja, het is natuurlijk een kwestie van definitie: een auto heet “elektrisch” als ie geen verbrandingsmotor aan boord heeft. Als er wel een verbrandingsmotor gemonteerd is, kan de auto milieu-onvriendelijke gassen uitstoten. Veelal heb je dan een kleinere accu en zul je in de praktijk de verbrandingsmotor toch regelmatig gebruiken (en niet alleen voor vakanties).
Bij een “echte” elektrische auto zorgt alleen de elektriciteitscentrale voor de luchtvervuiling… tenzij het een kerncentrale is (maar dat mag nog niet hardop worden gezegd in Nederland). Gebruik je stroom uit een kolencentrale, dan veroorzaak je met je elektrische auto bijna dezelfde hoeveelheid vervuiling als wanneer je een dieseltje rijdt en zelfs meer dan met een moderne motor op lpg.
De centrale productie van vervuiling is wel beter aan te pakken en minder storend dan stinkende verbrandingsmotoren in bijv. een binnenstad of woonwijk.
Ik wordt van dit artikel niet echt wijzer. Waarom zou je wel over elektrische kilometers mogen spreken als die elektriciteit uit het stopcontact komt, maar niet als er door regenereren elektriciteit opgewerkt wordt? Waarom is een waterstof auto (blijkbaar) wel volledig elektrisch, maar een auto met range extender (BMW i3, oude Opel Ampera) niet? Of als je met je GTE alleen maar op het batterijpakket rijdt en de verbrandingsmotor er alleen voor de vakanties op zit?